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+ | ====Differential Equations to Difference Equations==== | ||
+ | ===Answers for selected problems=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | **Chapter 5** | ||
+ | |||
+ | ---- | ||
+ | |||
+ | **Section 5.1** | ||
+ | |||
+ | 1. $ \displaystyle{\lim_{h \to 0}\frac{\tan^2(h)}{h} = 0}$ | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | 3. $ \displaystyle{\lim_{h \to 0}\frac{h^2\sin(h)}{h^2} = 0}$ and $ \displaystyle{\lim_{h \to 0}\frac{h^2\sin(h)}{h^3} = 1}$ | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | 5. $ \displaystyle{\lim_{h \to 0}\frac{\sin^2(3h)}{h^2} = 9}$ | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | 7. (a) $ \displaystyle{P_4(x) = 2x - \frac{4x^3}{3}}$ | ||
+ | |||
+ | %%(c)%% $ \displaystyle{P_4(z) = 2 + \frac{1}{4}(z - 4) - \frac{1}{64}(z - 4)^2 + \frac{1}{512}(z - 4)^3 - \frac{5}{16384}(z - 4)^4}$ | ||
+ | |||
+ | (e) $ \displaystyle{P_4(x) = -(x - \pi) + \frac{1}{6}(x - \pi)^3}$ | ||
+ | |||
+ | (g) $ \displaystyle{P_4(x) = 1 - (x - 1) + (x - 1)^2 - (x - 1)^3 + (x - 1)^4}$ | ||
+ | |||
+ | (h) $ \displaystyle{P_4(x) = -9 + 2x + 3x^2}$ | ||
+ | |||
+ | (i) $ \displaystyle{P_4(x) = 1 - x^2 + x^4}$ | ||
+ | |||
+ | (k) $ \displaystyle{P_4(t) = 1 - 2(t - 1) + 3(t - 1)^2 - 4(t - 1)^3 + 5 (t - 1)^4}$ | ||
+ | |||
+ | (m) $ \displaystyle{P_4(t) = 1 + \frac{1}{4}t^2 + \frac{5}{24}t^4}$ | ||
+ | |||
+ | (n) $ \displaystyle{P_4(x) = -5 - (x - 1) + 7(x - 1)^2 + 8(x - 1)^3 +3(x - 1)^4}$ | ||
+ | |||
+ | ---- | ||
+ | |||
+ | **Section 5.2** | ||
+ | |||
+ | 1. (a) $ \displaystyle{P_5(x) = x - \frac{x^3}{3!} + \frac{x^5}{5!}}$ | ||
+ | |||
+ | $ \sin(0.8) \approx P_5(0.8) = 0.717397 $, rounded to 6 decimal places | ||
+ | |||
+ | $ \displaystyle{|\sin(0.8) - P_5(0.8)| \le \frac{0.8^7}{7!} = 0.000041610}$, | ||
+ | |||
+ | %%(c)%% $ \displaystyle{P_5(x) = 2x - \frac{4}{3}x^3 + \frac{4}{15}x^5}$ | ||
+ | |||
+ | $ \sin(-1) \approx P_5(-0.5) = -0.841667 $, rounded to 6 decimal places | ||
+ | |||
+ | $ \displaystyle{|\sin(-1) - P_5(-0.5)| \le \frac{2^7(0.5)^7}{7!} = 0.000198413}$, | ||
+ | |||
+ | (e) $ \displaystyle{P_5(x) | ||
+ | |||
+ | $ \displaystyle{- \frac{5}{279, | ||
+ | |||
+ | $ \sqrt{10} \approx P_5(10) = 3.1622778 $, rounded to 7 decimal places | ||
+ | |||
+ | $ \displaystyle{|\sqrt{10} - P_5(10)| \le \frac{945}{(64)(3^{11})(6!)} = 0.000000115767}$, | ||
+ | |||
+ | (g) $ \displaystyle{P_5(x) = 1 - (x - 1) + (x - 1)^2 - (x - 1)^3 + (x - 1)^4 - (x - 1)^5}$ | ||
+ | |||
+ | $ \displaystyle{\frac{1}{0.8} \approx P_5(0.8) = 1.24992}$, rounded to 5 decimal places | ||
+ | |||
+ | $ \displaystyle{\left|\frac{1}{0.8} - P_5(0.8)\right| \le \frac{720(0.2)^6}{(0.8)^7(61)} = 0.000305176}$, | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | 3. $ \sin(-1.3) \approx P_9(-1.3) = -0.963559 $, rounded to 6 decimal places | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | 5. $ \displaystyle{P_9(x) = x - \frac{x^3}{3!} + \frac{x^5}{5!} - \frac{x^7}{7!} + \frac{x^9}{9!}}$ | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | 7. (a) $ \displaystyle{P_{10}(x) = 1 + x + \frac{x^2}{2} + \frac{x^3}{3!} + \frac{x^4}{4!} + \frac{x^5}{5!} + \frac{x^6}{6!} + \frac{x^7}{7!} + \frac{x^8}{8!} + \frac{x^9}{9!} + \frac{x^{10}}{10!}}$ | ||
+ | |||
+ | (b) $ E(1) \approx P_{10}(1) = 2.7182818011 $, rounded to 10 decimal places | ||
+ | |||
+ | %%(c)%% $ \displaystyle{|E(1) - P_{10}(1)| \le \frac{3}{11!} = 0.00000007515633}$, | ||
+ | |||
+ | (d) $ \displaystyle{P_{11}(x) = 1 + x + \frac{x^2}{2} \frac{x^3}{3!} + \frac{x^4}{4!} + \frac{x^5}{5!} + \frac{x^6}{6!} + \frac{x^7}{7!} + \frac{x^8}{8!} + \frac{x^9}{9!} + \frac{x^{10}}{10!} + \frac{x^{11}}{11!}}$ | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | 8. $ \displaystyle{\int_0^3 \frac{\sin(x)}{x} \ dx \approx \int_0^3 \frac{P_9(x)}{x} \ dx = \int_0^3 \left(1 - \frac{x^2}{3!} + \frac{x^4}{5!} - \frac{x^6}{7!} + \frac{x^8}{9!}\right)dx = 1.849037}$, rounded to 6 decimal places | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | 9. (a) $ \displaystyle{P_6(x) = x^2 - \frac{x^6}{6}}$ | ||
+ | |||
+ | (b) $ \displaystyle{P_7(x) = \frac{x^3}{3} - \frac{x^7}{42}}$ | ||
+ | |||
+ | ---- | ||
+ | |||
+ | **Section 5.3** | ||
+ | |||
+ | 1. (a) The series converges because it is a multiple of a geometric series with ratio $ r = \dfrac{1}{5} $. Moreover, $ \displaystyle{\sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{3}{5^n} = \frac{15}{4}}$ | ||
+ | |||
+ | %%(c)%% The series converges because it is the sum of two geometric series with ratios $ r =\dfrac{1}{2} $ for the first and $ r = \dfrac{1}{3} $ for the second. Moreover, $ \displaystyle{\sum_{n=1}^\infty \left(\frac{5}{2^n} + \frac{2}{3^n}\right) = 6}$ | ||
+ | |||
+ | (e) Since $ \displaystyle{\lim_{n \to \infty}\left(1 - \frac{1}{n}\right) = 1}$, the series diverges by the $ n $th term test for divergence. | ||
+ | |||
+ | (g) Since $ \dfrac{(-1)^n}{1000} $ does not have a limit as $ n \rightarrow \infty $, the series diverges by the $ n $th term test for divergence. | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | 2. (a) The series converges because it is a multiple of a $ p $-series with $ p = 3 $. | ||
+ | |||
+ | %%(c)%% The series converges because it is the sum of multiples of two $ p $-series with $ p = 2 $ for the first and $ p = 4 $ for the second. | ||
+ | |||
+ | (e) The series diverges because it is a $ p $-series with $ p = \dfrac{1}{3} $. | ||
+ | |||
+ | (g) The series diverges because it is a multiple of a $ p $-series with $ p = \dfrac{1}{2}. $ | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | 5. (a) The series converges. | ||
+ | |||
+ | %%(c)%% The integral diverges. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ---- | ||
+ | |||
+ | **Section 5.4** | ||
+ | |||
+ | 1. (a) The series converges because it is a multiple of a geometric series with ratio $ r = \dfrac{1}{2} $. | ||
+ | |||
+ | %%(c)%% The series diverges by comparion with a $ p $-series with $ p = \dfrac{1}{2} $. | ||
+ | |||
+ | (e) The series converges because it is a geometric series with ratio $ r = \dfrac{1}{\pi} $. | ||
+ | |||
+ | (g) The series converges because is the sum of a convergent geometric series (with ratio $ r = \dfrac{1}{3} $) and a convergent $ p $-series (with $ p = \dfrac{3}{2} $). | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | 2. (a) The series diverges by comparison with the harmonic series. | ||
+ | |||
+ | %%(c)%% The series converges by the limit comparison test with a $ p $-series with $ p = 3 $. | ||
+ | |||
+ | (e) The series converges by the limit comparison test with a geometric series with ratio $ r = \dfrac{1}{3} $. | ||
+ | |||
+ | (g) The series diverges by the limit comparison test with a $ p $-series with $ p = 2 $. | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | 4. The series $ \displaystyle{\sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{1}{4n^5 - 2}}$ converges by the limit comparison test with a $ p $-series with $ p = 5 $. Hence $ \displaystyle{\int_1^\infty \frac{1}{4x^5 - 2} \ dx}$ convergess by the integral test. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ---- | ||
+ | |||
+ | **Section 5.5** | ||
+ | |||
+ | 1. (a) The series converges by the ratio test: $ \rho = \dfrac{1}{2} $. | ||
+ | |||
+ | %%(c)%% The series converges by the ratio test: $ \rho = 0 $. | ||
+ | |||
+ | (e) The series converges by the ratio test: $ \rho = 0 $. | ||
+ | |||
+ | (g) The series converges by the ratio test: $ \rho = 0 $. | ||
+ | |||
+ | (h) The series diverges by the ratio test: $ \rho = \pi $. | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | 2. (a) The series diverges by the limit comparison test with a $ p $-series with $ p = \dfrac{1}{2} $. | ||
+ | |||
+ | %%(c)%% The series converges by the ratio test: $ \rho = 0 $. | ||
+ | |||
+ | (e) The series converges by the ratio test: $ \rho = \dfrac{1}{4} $. | ||
+ | |||
+ | (g) The series diverges by the $ n $th term test for divergence since $\displaystyle{\lim_{n \to \infty}\frac{3n + 1}{2n - 1} = \frac{3}{2}}$. | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | 3. (a) $ (-1, 1) $ | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | 4. (a) $ (-\infty, \infty) $ | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | 5. The series converges by the ratio test since $\displaystyle{\rho = \lim_{n \to \infty}\frac{a_{n+1}}{a_n} = \frac{1}{2}}$. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ---- | ||
+ | |||
+ | **Section 5.6** | ||
+ | |||
+ | 1. (a) The series converges absolutely ($ p $-series with $ p = 3 $), and so converges. | ||
+ | |||
+ | %%(c)%% The series diverges by the $ n $th term for divergence since | ||
+ | <table align=" | ||
+ | < | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | (e) The series does not converge absolutely (limit comparison test with a $ p $-series with $ p = \dfrac{1}{2} $), but does converge conditionally by Leibniz' | ||
+ | |||
+ | (g) Since $ \displaystyle{\lim_{n \to \infty}\frac{n!}{2^n} = \infty}$, the terms $ \dfrac{(-1)^n n!}{2^n} $ do not have a limit as $ n \rightarrow \infty $. Hence the series diverges by the $ n $th term test for divergence. | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | 2. (a) The series converges absolutely (limit comparison with a $ p $-series with $ p = 3 $), and so converges. | ||
+ | |||
+ | %%(c)%% The series converges absolutely (ratio test, $ \rho = 0 $), and so converges. | ||
+ | |||
+ | (e) The series converges absolutely (ratio test, $ \rho = 0 $), and so converges. | ||
+ | |||
+ | (g) Since $ \displaystyle{\lim_{n \to \infty}\frac{n + 1}{2n - 1} = \frac{1}{2}}$, | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | 3. (a) $ \displaystyle{s_{15} = \frac{34, | ||
+ | |||
+ | (b) $ |s - s_{15}| \le \dfrac{1}{16!} = 4.779 \times 10^{-14} $, rounded to 17 decimal places | ||
+ | |||
+ | %%(c)%% $ s_9 = \dfrac{16, | ||
+ | |||
+ | ---- | ||
+ | |||
+ | **Section 5.7** | ||
+ | |||
+ | 1. (a) The interval of convergence is $ (-1, 1) $. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The series converges at $ x = -1 $ and diverges at $ x = 1 $. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The series converges absolutely on $ (-1, 1) $, converges conditionally at $ x = -1 $, and diverges for $ x < -1 $ and $ x \ge 1 $. | ||
+ | |||
+ | $ \displaystyle{\sum_{n = 1}^\infty \frac{x^n}{n} = x + \frac{x^2}{2} + \frac{x^3}{3} + \frac{x^4}{4} + \frac{x^5}{5} + \cdots}$ | ||
+ | |||
+ | %%(c)%% The interval of convergence is $ (-1, 1) $. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The series diverges at both $ x = -1 $ and $ x = 1 $. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The series converges absolutely on $ (-1, 1) $ and diverges for $ x \le -1 $ and $ x \ge 1 $. | ||
+ | |||
+ | $ \displaystyle{\sum_{n = 1}^\infty nx^n = x + 2x^2 + 3x^3 + 4x^4 + 5x^5 + \cdots}$ | ||
+ | |||
+ | (e) The interval of convergence is $ (1, 3) $. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The series converges at $ x = 1 $ and diverges at $ x = 3 $. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The series converges absolutely on $ (1, 3) $, converges conditionally at $ x = 1 $, and diverges for $ x < 1 $ and $ x \ge 3 $. | ||
+ | |||
+ | $ \displaystyle{\sum_{n = 0}^\infty \frac{(x-2)^{n+1}}{n+1} = (x - 2) + \frac{(x-2)^2}{2} + \frac{(x-2)^3}{3} + \frac{(x-2)^4}{4} + \frac{(x-2)^5}{5} + \cdots}$ | ||
+ | |||
+ | (g) The interval of convergence is $ (0, 2) $. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The series converges at both $ x = 0 $ and $ x = 2 $. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The series converges absolutely on $ [0, 2] $ and diverges for $ x < 0 $ and $ x > 2 $. | ||
+ | |||
+ | $ \displaystyle{\sum_{n = 1}^\infty \frac{(x-1)^n}{n^2} = (x-1) + \frac{(x-1)^2}{4} + \frac{(x-1)^3}{9} + \frac{(x-1)^4}{16} + \frac{(x-1)^5}{25} + \cdots}$ | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | 2. (a) The interval of convergence is $ (-\infty, \infty) $. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The series converges absolutely on $ (-\infty, \infty) $. | ||
+ | |||
+ | $ \displaystyle{\sum_{n = 0}^\infty \frac{(x-3)^n}{n!} = 1 + (x - 3) + \frac{(x-3)^2}{2} + \frac{(x-3)^3}{6} + \frac{(x-3)^4}{24} + \cdots}$ | ||
+ | |||
+ | %%(c)%% The interval of convergence is $ (-\sqrt{2}, \sqrt{2}) $. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The series diverges at both $ x = -\sqrt{2} $ and $ x = \sqrt{2} $. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The series converges absolutely on $ (-\sqrt{2}, \sqrt{2}) $ and diverges for $ x \le -\sqrt{2} $ and $ x \ge \sqrt{2} $. | ||
+ | |||
+ | $ \displaystyle{\sum_{n = 0}^\infty \frac{x^{2n}}{2^n} = 1 + \frac{x^2}{2} + \frac{x^4}{4} + \frac{x^6}{8} + \frac{x^8}{16}+ \cdots}$ | ||
+ | |||
+ | (e) The interval of convergence is $ (-1, 1) $. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The series diverges at both $ x = -1 $ and $ x = 1 $. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The series converges absolutely on $ (-1, 1) $ and diverges for $ x \le -1 $ and $ x \ge 1 $. | ||
+ | |||
+ | $ \displaystyle{\sum_{n = 1}^\infty \frac{x^{2n+1}}{n} = x^3 + \frac{x^5}{2} + \frac{x^7}{3} + \frac{x^9}{4} + \frac{x^{11}}{5} + \cdots}$ | ||
+ | |||
+ | (g) The interval of convergence is $ \displaystyle{\left(-\frac{1}{3}, | ||
+ | |||
+ | The series diverges at both $ x = -\dfrac{1}{3} $ and $ x = \dfrac{1}{3} $. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The series converges absolutely on $ \displaystyle{\left(-\frac{1}{3}, | ||
+ | |||
+ | $ \displaystyle{\sum_{n = 1}^\infty 3^nx^n = 3x + 9x^2 + 27x^3 + 81x^4 + 243x^5 + \cdots}$ | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | 3. (a) For $ -1 < x < 1 $, | ||
+ | \[ | ||
+ | \frac{1}{1 + x} = \sum_{n=0}^\infty (-1)^nx^n = 1 - x + x^2 - x^3 + x^4 - \cdots. | ||
+ | \] | ||
+ | |||
+ | (b) $ f^{(35)}(0) = -35! $ | ||
+ | |||
+ | %%(c)%% $ \displaystyle{\int_0^x \frac{1}{1 + t} \ dt = \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{(-1)^n x^{n+1}}{n + 1} = x - \frac{x^2}{2} + \frac{x^3}{3} - \frac{x^4}{4} + \frac{x^5}{5} - \cdots}$ | ||
+ | |||
+ | The series converges absolutely on $ (-1, 1) $, converges conditionally at $ x = 1 $, and diverges for $ x \le -1 $ and $ x > 1 $. | ||
+ | |||
+ | (d) $ \displaystyle{\int_0^1 \frac{1}{1 + t} \ dt = \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{(-1)^n}{n + 1} = 1 - \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{3} - \frac{1}{4} + \frac{1}{5} - \cdots}$ | ||
+ | |||
+ | $ \displaystyle{\int_0^1 \frac{1}{1 + t} \ dt \approx \sum_{n=0}^{998} \frac{(-1)^n}{n + 1} = 0.6936}$, rounded to 4 decimal places | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | 5. $ \displaystyle{\cos(1) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{(-1)^{2n}}{(2n)!} = 1 - \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{4!} - \frac{1}{6!} + \frac{1}{8!} - \cdots}$ | ||
+ | |||
+ | $ \displaystyle{\cos(1) \approx 1 - \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{24} - \frac{1}{720} + \frac{1}{40, | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | 7. $ \displaystyle{\sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{n}{2^{n-1}} = \frac{1}{\left(1 - \frac{1}{2}\right)^2} = 4}$ | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | 8. (a) $ \displaystyle{A = \sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{n}{2^n} = \frac{1}{2}\sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{n}{2^{n-1}} = 2}$ | ||
+ | |||
+ | (b) $ \displaystyle{A = q\sum_{n=1}^\infty np^{n-1} = \frac{q}{(1 - p)^2} = \frac{1}{q}}$ | ||
+ | |||
+ | ---- | ||
+ | |||
+ | **Section 5.8** | ||
+ | |||
+ | 2. (a) For $ -\infty < x < \infty $, | ||
+ | \[ | ||
+ | \cos(x^2) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{(-1)^nx^{4n}}{(2n)!} = 1 - \frac{x^4}{2} + \frac{x^8}{4!} - \frac{x^{12}}{6!} + \frac{x^{16}}{8!} - \cdots . | ||
+ | \] | ||
+ | |||
+ | %%(c)%% For $ -1 < t < 1 $, | ||
+ | \[ | ||
+ | \frac{1}{1 - t^2} = \sum_{n=0}^\infty t^{2n} = 1 + t^2 + t^4 + t^6 + t^8 + \cdots . | ||
+ | \] | ||
+ | |||
+ | (d) For $ -\dfrac{1}{2} < x < \dfrac{1}{2} $, | ||
+ | \[ | ||
+ | \frac{1}{2x - 1} = -\sum_{n=1}^\infty 2^nx^n = -1 - 2x - 4x^2 - 8x^3 - 16x^4 - \cdots . | ||
+ | \] | ||
+ | |||
+ | (e) For $ -1 < t < 1 $, | ||
+ | \[ | ||
+ | \frac{1}{(1 + t)^2} = \sum_{n=1}^\infty (-1)^{n+1}nt^{n-1} = 1 - 2t + 3t^2 - 4t^3 + 5t^4 - \cdots . | ||
+ | \] | ||
+ | |||
+ | (g) For $ -\infty < x < \infty $, | ||
+ | \[ | ||
+ | f(x) = \sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{(-1)^{n+1}x^{2n-1}}{(2n)!} = \frac{x}{2} - \frac{x^3}{4!} + \frac{x^5}{6!} - \frac{x^7}{8!} + \frac{x^9}{10!} - \cdots . | ||
+ | \] | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | 3. (a) For $ -\infty < x < \infty $, | ||
+ | \[ | ||
+ | \cos^2(x) = 1 + \sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{(-1)^n2^{2n-1}x^{2n}}{(2n)!} = 1 - x^2 + \frac{x^4}{3} - \frac{2x^6}{45} + \frac{x^8}{315} - \cdots . | ||
+ | \] | ||
+ | |||
+ | (b) $ \displaystyle{P_8(x) = 1 - x^2 + \frac{x^4}{3} - \frac{2x^6}{45} + \frac{x^8}{315}}$ | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | 5. (a) For $ -\infty < x < \infty $, | ||
+ | \[ | ||
+ | \sin(x^2) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{(-1)^nx^{4n+2}}{(2n+1)!} = x^2 - \frac{x^6}{3!} + \frac{x^{10}}{5!} - \frac{x^{14}}{7!} + \frac{x^{18}}{9!} - \cdots . | ||
+ | \] | ||
+ | |||
+ | (b) $ \displaystyle{P_{10}(x) = x^2 - \frac{x^6}{3!} + \frac{x^{10}}{5!}}$ | ||
+ | |||
+ | %%(c)%% For $ -\infty < x < \infty $, | ||
+ | \[ | ||
+ | S(x) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{(-1)^nx^{4n+3}}{(4n+3)(2n+1)!} = \frac{x^3}{3} - \frac{x^7}{7(3!)} + \frac{x^{11}}{11(5!)} - \frac{x^{15}}{15(7!)} + \frac{x^{19}}{19(9!)} - \cdots . | ||
+ | \] | ||
+ | |||
+ | (d) $ \displaystyle{P_{11}(x) = \frac{x^3}{3} - \frac{x^7}{7(3!)} + \frac{x^{11}}{11(5!)}}$ | ||
+ | |||
+ | (e) $ S(1) \approx P_{15}(1) = 0.310268 $, rounded to 6 deciimal places | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | 7. $ \displaystyle{\frac{d^9}{dx^9}\mathrm{Si}(x)\Bigg|_{x=0} = \frac{1}{9}}$ | ||
+ | |||
+ | ---- | ||
+ | |||
+ | **Section 5.9** | ||
+ | |||
+ | 1. (a) $ \displaystyle{\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\sin(3x)}{x} = 3}$ | ||
+ | |||
+ | %%(c)%% $ \displaystyle{\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\cos(x) - 1 + \dfrac{x^2}{2}}{x^4} = \frac{1}{24}}$ | ||
+ | |||
+ | (e) $ \displaystyle{\lim_{u \to 0} \frac{\tan(u)}{\sin(u)} = 1}$ | ||
+ | |||
+ | (g) $ \displaystyle{\lim_{y \to 0} \frac{\tan(3y)}{\tan(5y)} = \frac{3}{5}}$ | ||
+ | |||
+ | (i) $ \displaystyle{\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\sqrt{1+x} - 1}{3x} = \frac{1}{6}}$ | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | 2. (a) $ \displaystyle{\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\sin(5x)}{3x} = \frac{5}{3}}$ | ||
+ | |||
+ | %%(c)%% $ \displaystyle{\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{1 - \sec(x)}{x} = 0}$ | ||
+ | |||
+ | (e) $ \displaystyle{\lim_{x \to 0^+} \frac{\sin(2x)}{\sqrt{x}} = 0}$ | ||
+ | |||
+ | (g) $ \displaystyle{\lim_{x \to \infty}x\sin\left(\frac{1}{x^2}\right) = 0}$ | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | 3.(a) $ \displaystyle{\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{3x^2 - 2x + 1}{16x^2 + 2} = \frac{3}{16}}$ | ||
+ | |||
+ | %%(c)%% $ \displaystyle{\lim_{x \to 0}\frac{1 - \dfrac{\sin(x)}{x}}{3x^2} = \frac{1}{18}}$ | ||
+ | |||
+ | (e) $ \displaystyle{\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{(1+x)^{\frac{1}{3}} - 1 - \dfrac{x}{3}}{x^2} = -\frac{1}{9}}$ | ||
+ | |||
+ | (g) $ \displaystyle{\lim_{x \to 1}\frac{\sqrt{x} - 1}{x - 1} = \frac{1}{2}}$ | ||
+ | |||
+ | (i) $ \displaystyle{\lim_{t \to 0}\frac{\cos(t) - 1 + \dfrac{t^2}{2}}{t^2\sin(t^2)} = \frac{1}{24}}$ | ||
+ | |||
+ | ---- |